Caffeine for Fighters: Dose, Timing and the Myths

Caffeine is the most-used performance drug in combat sports and one of the few with a genuinely strong evidence base behind it. The International Society of Sports Nutrition has a position stand devoted to it, the effective dose range is published in milligrams per kilogram, and the effects show up across almost every physical quality a fighter cares about.

It is also surrounded by two claims that do not hold. The first is that caffeine dehydrates you, which has been tested in a meta-analysis and does not survive it. The second is the reverse error — that because the dehydration worry is unfounded, caffeine carries no cost during fight week. It carries a substantial one, and it is not hydration. It is sleep.

This article is the published dose, the published timing, the two myths, the anti-doping status verified against the current primary document, and the places where the evidence base does not reach a fighter's actual situation.

3–6 mg/kg

Dose range at which caffeine "has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance"

Guest et al., ISSN position stand, J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021;18:1

109 mL

Mean additional urine volume from caffeine ingestion in a meta-analysis of 16 studies — an effect the same analysis found was negated by exercise

Zhang et al., J Sci Med Sport, 2015

60 min

Most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation before exercise, with optimal timing depending on the source

Guest et al., 2021

In-competition only

Caffeine's status on the WADA 2026 Monitoring Program: not prohibited, monitored to detect potential patterns of misuse

WADA 2026 Monitoring Program, in force 1 January 2026

What this comes down to

The position stand's effective range is 3–6 mg/kg body mass. For a 70 kg fighter that is 210–420 mg; for a 93 kg fighter, 279–558 mg.
More is not better. The stand states that very high doses — it gives 9 mg/kg as the example — are associated with a high incidence of side-effects, and the minimal effective dose "may be as low as 2 mg/kg".
The diuretic worry is unwarranted. A meta-analysis of 16 studies found a mean increase in urine volume of 109 ± 195 mL, an effect negated by exercise, and concluded that doses up to 9 mg/kg before or during exercise in the heat should not be avoided out of fear of fluid-electrolyte loss.
The benefits are broad: muscular endurance, movement velocity, muscular strength, sprinting, jumping and throwing, plus attention and vigilance. Aerobic endurance shows the most consistent moderate-to-large effect.
Individual response varies genetically, with CYP1A2 and ADORA2A variation implicated in both performance response and adverse effects. Your training partner's dose is not evidence about yours.
The real fight-week cost is sleep: caffeine prolongs time to fall asleep, decreases the deep stages of non-REM sleep, and reduces sleep efficiency — during the week when sleep is already the first casualty of a descent.
Caffeine is not prohibited. It sits on the 2026 WADA Monitoring Program under Stimulants, in-competition only, which means WADA collects data on it and it carries no sanction.

What the position stand actually claims

The 2021 ISSN position stand on caffeine and exercise performance is the anchor document, and its claims are broader than most single-supplement papers can support.

On the range of effects:

Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions.

That list matters for combat sports specifically because it spans both energy systems. A fight is neither an endurance event nor a power event; it is repeated maximal efforts inside a sustained one. A substance that helps with sprinting and with aerobic endurance is unusually well matched to that demand.

The stand also finds that caffeine works in both trained and untrained individuals, that it is ergogenic for cognitive function including attention and vigilance in most people, and that it may improve both cognitive and physical performance under conditions of sleep deprivation.

Two of those are worth flagging as directly relevant to fight night. Attention and vigilance are not incidental in a sport where the cost of a lapse is immediate. And "under conditions of sleep deprivation" describes the state of almost every fighter on the night of a fight, for reasons this article returns to below.

The dose, and where it stops helping

The position stand's dosing language is precise and worth reading in full rather than in summary:

Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3–6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects.

Three separate statements. A range with good evidence at 3–6 mg/kg. A floor that is not established, with 2 mg/kg raised as a possibility rather than a finding. And a ceiling defined by side-effects rather than by diminishing returns — the stand adds that very high doses do not seem necessary for ergogenic benefit.

In practical arithmetic: for a 66 kg athlete, 3–6 mg/kg is 198–396 mg. For an 84 kg athlete it is 252–504 mg. For a 120 kg heavyweight it is 360–720 mg. A strong brewed coffee sits somewhere around 100–150 mg depending on everything about how it was made, which is why coffee is a poor delivery vehicle when the dose matters.

The shape of that dose-response is the useful part. Between the floor and 6 mg/kg you are buying performance. Above it you are buying side-effects — the stand names anxiety and sleep disruption among the adverse responses, and both are worse for a fighter than for most athletes, for reasons of both weight-cutting physiology and the specific demands of the sport.

Timing, and what changes it

The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine.

Sixty minutes is the convention rather than a validated optimum, and the qualifier about source is the interesting part. Capsules and coffee have to be absorbed through the gut. Caffeinated chewing gum is absorbed partly through the buccal mucosa and appears in the bloodstream faster. Mouth rinses may act without meaningful systemic absorption at all.

The stand notes that alternative sources — caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews — have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise, and that energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.

For a fighter, the practical constraint on timing is rarely pharmacokinetic. It is that the schedule is not yours. Card times move, bouts finish early, and an athlete who dosed for a 9pm walkout and gets called at 8:15 is in a different position than they planned for. That is an argument for a delivery form with a shorter and more predictable onset, and for not being at the top of the dose range when the timing is uncertain.

The dehydration claim does not survive testing

This is the myth worth killing properly, because it changes behaviour in exactly the wrong direction during fight week.

The claim is that caffeine is a diuretic, that a fighter who takes it will lose fluid, and that in a sport already manipulating fluid balance this is a compounding risk. It has the shape of a sensible caution.

It has been tested. Zhang and colleagues meta-analysed caffeine-induced diuresis in adults at rest and during exercise, with 16 studies meeting inclusion criteria and providing 28 effect sizes. The overall effect size of 0.29 corresponded to an increase in urine volume of 109 ± 195 mL, or 16.0 ± 19.2%.

A hundred and nine millilitres. Less than half a cup, with a standard deviation nearly twice the mean — meaning that in a substantial fraction of the underlying comparisons, there was no increase at all.

And the analysis found the effect was negated by exercise. The authors concluded that concerns regarding unwanted fluid loss associated with caffeine consumption are unwarranted, particularly when ingestion precedes exercise, and that ingestion in doses up to 9 mg/kg before or during exercise in hot environments should not be avoided out of fear of increased fluid-electrolyte loss.

Note the strength of that last clause. Not "is probably fine" — the analysis specifically addresses exercise in hot environments, which is the exact scenario a fighter worried about caffeine and dehydration has in mind, and finds the fear unsupported at doses well above the ergogenic range.

The myth survives because the mechanism is real. Caffeine is a mild diuretic in the pharmacological sense; it does increase urine output measurably. What the meta-analysis establishes is that the magnitude is trivial relative to the fluid volumes a fighter is manipulating, and that exercise removes it.

But that does not make it neutral at the weigh-in

Two things follow from the above that are easy to get backwards, so it is worth being exact.

Caffeine is not a weight-cutting tool. A hundred and nine millilitres is roughly 109 grams. Against a cut measured in kilograms it is noise, and against the acute methods described in the literature — which move percentages of body mass — it is nothing. Anyone using caffeine to make weight is taking a stimulant for no mass-related benefit and accepting its side-effects for free.

And caffeine is not a substitute for the thing a depleted athlete actually needs. The stand's finding that caffeine may improve performance under sleep deprivation is a statement about masking, not repair. An athlete who is under-slept, under-fuelled and recently dehydrated will feel better on caffeine and will not be better in the respects that matter to their tissue.

That distinction matters most in the window between weigh-in and competition, where the correct priorities are fluid, sodium and carbohydrate — an operation covered in how to rehydrate after a weigh-in. Caffeine does not interfere with that process, on the evidence above. It also does not contribute to it, and it can make an athlete feel recovered before they are.

The genetics, and why your training partner's dose is useless to you

The position stand is unusually direct about individual variation:

Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response.

Two genes recur in the literature the stand reviews. CYP1A2 encodes the enzyme responsible for the large majority of caffeine metabolism, and variation in it separates faster from slower metabolisers, with the reviewed evidence suggesting differences in the magnitude and even direction of the endurance response at higher doses. ADORA2A codes for an adenosine receptor and is implicated in sensitivity to caffeine's effects on sleep and anxiety.

The stand also notes that the evidence on habitual intake is equivocal — whether chronic consumption dampens the acute ergogenic effect is not settled.

Three practical consequences, in descending order of confidence:

Individual response varies substantially, and the variation has biological causes. This is well supported.

Therefore a dose that works for a training partner is not information about your dose. Also well supported, as a matter of logic if not of measurement.

Therefore you should genotype yourself. Not supported. Commercial testing exists and the research relating genotype to performance response is neither settled enough nor precise enough to prescribe from. The honest version is that finding your own dose is an empirical exercise conducted in training, at the low end of the range, well away from competition.

The real cost: sleep

Here is the part that should change what fighters do.

The position stand's treatment of sleep is unambiguous: caffeine "prolongs time to fall asleep, decreases the deep stages of non-rapid-eye movement (nonREM) sleep, reduces sleep efficiency", with genetic variation modulating how susceptible any individual is.

Now place that in fight week. An athlete in a descent is already losing sleep — energy restriction and fluid manipulation both degrade it, and a cutting athlete lying awake at 2am is such a common experience in this sport that it barely gets counted as a symptom. Add caffeine used to get through training sessions on low carbohydrate, and to get through a weigh-in day, and the deficit compounds.

Deep non-REM sleep is the stage most associated with physical restoration. Reducing it during the week when an athlete is asking their body to survive a descent and then recover from it is a real cost, and unlike the dehydration worry it is well evidenced.

The tension is genuine, and pretending otherwise would be dishonest: caffeine improves performance under sleep deprivation, and caffeine causes sleep deprivation. Used across a whole camp, it is capable of creating the deficit it is then used to mask. The relationship between sleep and everything else in a camp is covered in sleep and recovery in fight camp, and it is the input most fighters under-weight.

The practical implication is a timing one rather than an abstinence one. The further a dose sits from bedtime the less of this it costs, and caffeine's half-life is long enough — commonly cited in the range of several hours, with wide individual variation partly explained by the same CYP1A2 differences — that an afternoon dose is a sleep decision.

Where caffeine goes wrong across a camp

The failure pattern is not an overdose on fight night. It is a slow drift, and it has a recognisable sequence.

It starts as a training aid on low carbohydrate. A descent takes carbohydrate down, training quality follows, and caffeine is the cheapest available way to make a session feel possible. That works, which is the problem: it works well enough that the session goes ahead at an intensity the athlete's actual fuelling does not support.

Then the dose climbs to hold the same effect. Whether that reflects true tolerance or the deepening deficit underneath it is exactly the question the position stand describes as equivocal. Either way the number goes up.

Then it moves later in the day, because the sessions that need rescuing are the evening ones, and the sleep cost lands on the week when sleep is already the first casualty of the cut.

Then fight week arrives with the athlete carrying both a habit and a deficit, and caffeine is asked to cover a weigh-in day as well as a fight. At that point it is masking a state rather than improving one, and the athlete has no clean read on how they actually are.

None of this is an argument against using caffeine. It is an argument for deciding the dose and the latest daily time at the start of a camp rather than letting both drift, and for noticing that a rising requirement is information about fuelling and sleep rather than about caffeine.

Anti-doping status, verified

Caffeine's regulatory history creates persistent confusion, so here is the current position checked against the primary document.

Caffeine was removed from the WADA Prohibited List with effect from 2004. It is not prohibited. It does, however, appear on the 2026 Monitoring Program, which came into force on 1 January 2026 alongside the 2026 Prohibited List. Under the heading Stimulants, the programme lists:

In-Competition only: Bupropion, caffeine, nicotine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pipradrol and synephrine.

The programme document quotes Article 4.5 of the World Anti-Doping Code for its purpose: WADA "shall establish a monitoring program regarding substances which are not on the Prohibited List, but which WADA wishes to monitor in order to detect potential patterns of misuse in sport."

What that means in practice for an athlete: caffeine use carries no sanction, and monitored substances are not reported as adverse analytical findings. Being on that list is a data-collection status, not a warning, and it does not create an obligation to declare or to abstain.

What it also means is that a substance can move. A monitoring listing is the mechanism by which WADA gathers the evidence that would inform any future decision, and combat athletes competing under anti-doping programmes should check the current list rather than a remembered one — a discipline that applies to everything in the supplement category and is set out in banned supplements and anti-doping risk. Not every legal ergogenic aid carries even that monitoring status: beta-alanine appears on neither the Prohibited List nor the Monitoring Program, which is worth knowing for a fighter stacking more than one supplement around anti-doping testing.

Heat, altitude, and the cut

The position stand addresses environmental conditions directly:

The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4–6 mg/kg, respectively.

For fighters this intersects with acute weight-loss practice in an obvious way, and the honest answer is that the intersection has not been studied.

What we have is: caffeine at 3–6 mg/kg is supported for endurance exercise in the heat; the diuresis meta-analysis specifically found no fluid-balance reason to avoid caffeine before or during exercise in hot environments at doses up to 9 mg/kg; and, separately, the acute weight-loss literature describes sauna, hot water immersion and wraps at optimally around 2–4% of body mass within 24 hours of weigh-in, with appropriate supervision.

What we do not have is any study of caffeine ingestion during an acute dehydration protocol in combat athletes. The heat research was conducted in athletes exercising in heat, not in athletes deliberately hyperthermic and fluid-restricted for the purpose of losing mass. Those are different physiological situations, and the second one involves a cardiovascular system already working against a contracted plasma volume.

So this article will not tell you what caffeine does inside a hot bath cut, because nobody knows, and the supervision requirement that attaches to the cut itself covers this question too. The methods and their measured effects are set out in sauna suits and hot water immersion.

What the evidence does not cover

The caffeine literature is strong and it was not built on fighters.

Almost none of it is combat-sport specific. The position stand synthesises work across endurance, team and strength sports. Sport-specific actions are covered as a category; a five-round MMA fight, a nine-minute Muay Thai bout, or a day of tournament judo are not the protocols anyone ran.

None of it studies the caffeine-plus-descent combination. An athlete taking caffeine while in energy deficit, partly dehydrated and sleep-restricted is in a compound state that has not been isolated.

Habituation is unresolved. The stand describes the evidence on whether chronic consumption dampens the acute effect as equivocal, which means the common practice of "cutting caffeine for two weeks to resensitise" before a fight is a reasonable-sounding idea with an unsettled evidence base — and one that has a certain cost in the training weeks it applies to.

And there is a female-athlete gap here as everywhere. The combat-sport weight literature is dominated by adult male professionals, and the caffeine literature has its own imbalance. Differences in metabolism across the menstrual cycle and with hormonal contraceptive use are areas of active research rather than settled fact.

What we could not verify

Any study of caffeine use during an acute dehydration protocol in combat athletes. We did not find one. The heat and altitude findings in the position stand describe exercise in those environments, not deliberate hyperthermic fluid loss.
Caffeine content of specific products. Coffee varies enormously with bean, roast, grind and method; pre-workout products vary between batches and are not always accurately labelled. Any dose calculated from a beverage is an estimate.
Whether cycling off caffeine before competition improves the acute response. The position stand describes the habituation evidence as equivocal. Widely practised, not established.
Half-life figures for individuals. Caffeine's elimination half-life varies substantially between people, with genetic, hepatic, hormonal and pharmacological influences. Population averages do not tell you when your last dose stops affecting your sleep.
Nothing here is specific to you. Not your dose, your genotype, your caffeine history, your medical history, or any medication you take. Caffeine interacts with a number of common drugs and conditions, and that is a conversation with a physician.

Questions fighters ask

How much caffeine should a fighter take before a fight?

The 2021 ISSN position stand states that caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance at doses of 3–6 mg/kg body mass, which is 210–420 mg for a 70 kg athlete and 279–558 mg for a 93 kg athlete. The minimal effective dose is described as unclear but possibly as low as 2 mg/kg. Very high doses — the stand gives 9 mg/kg as its example — are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and are described as not necessary for ergogenic benefit. Finding an individual dose is an exercise for training, at the low end of the range, not something to experiment with on fight night.

Does caffeine dehydrate you?

Not to a degree that matters for an athlete. A meta-analysis of 16 studies providing 28 effect sizes found that caffeine increased urine volume by a mean of 109 ± 195 mL — under half a cup, with a standard deviation nearly twice the mean — and that the effect was negated by exercise. The authors concluded that concerns about unwanted fluid loss from caffeine are unwarranted, particularly when ingestion precedes exercise, and that doses up to 9 mg/kg before or during exercise in hot environments should not be avoided out of fear of fluid-electrolyte loss.

When should I take caffeine before competing?

The position stand identifies 60 minutes pre-exercise as the most commonly used timing and notes that the optimal timing likely depends on the source: capsules and coffee require gut absorption, caffeinated gum is absorbed partly through the buccal mucosa and appears faster, and mouth rinses may act with minimal systemic absorption. For fighters the binding constraint is usually the schedule rather than the pharmacology — cards move and bouts finish early — which argues for a faster and more predictable delivery form and for not sitting at the top of the dose range when the timing is uncertain.

Is caffeine banned in MMA or boxing?

No. Caffeine was removed from the WADA Prohibited List with effect from 2004 and is not prohibited under the 2026 List. It does appear on the 2026 WADA Monitoring Program under Stimulants, in-competition only, alongside bupropion, nicotine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pipradrol and synephrine. The Monitoring Program exists, in the World Anti-Doping Code's own words, to monitor substances that are not prohibited "in order to detect potential patterns of misuse in sport". Monitored substances carry no sanction and are not reported as adverse analytical findings.

Does caffeine help with weight cutting?

No, and using it for that purpose is a poor trade. The measured diuretic effect is around 109 mL of additional urine — roughly 109 grams — which is noise against a cut measured in kilograms, and the effect is negated by exercise anyway. An athlete taking caffeine to shift the scale is accepting its side-effects, including its substantial effect on sleep, for no mass-related benefit. Its genuine uses in a camp are ergogenic and cognitive, and both are best realised somewhere other than the last twelve hours before a weigh-in.

What does caffeine do to sleep?

The position stand states that caffeine prolongs time to fall asleep, decreases the deep stages of non-REM sleep, and reduces sleep efficiency, with genetic variation — ADORA2A in particular — modulating individual susceptibility. This is the most underrated cost of caffeine use in combat sports, because fight week already degrades sleep through energy restriction and fluid manipulation, and deep non-REM sleep is the stage most associated with physical restoration. Caffeine can create the deficit it is subsequently used to mask, which makes dose timing across a camp a real decision rather than a detail.

Why do some people respond to caffeine more than others?

Genetic variation is part of the explanation the position stand offers, naming caffeine metabolism and physical and psychological response as the relevant pathways. CYP1A2 encodes the enzyme responsible for most caffeine metabolism, separating faster from slower metabolisers, and ADORA2A codes for an adenosine receptor implicated in sensitivity to sleep disruption and anxiety. Whether habitual intake dampens the acute effect is described in the stand as equivocal. What follows practically is that a dose that works for someone else is not evidence about your dose, and that finding yours belongs in training.

Should I cut caffeine before a fight to make it work better?

The evidence does not settle it. The ISSN position stand describes the research on whether chronic caffeine consumption dampens the acute ergogenic effect as equivocal, which means the widespread practice of abstaining for one or two weeks before competition to "resensitise" is a reasonable hypothesis rather than an established strategy. It also has a cost: those are training weeks, and withdrawal produces headache and fatigue in habitual users at precisely the point in a camp where neither is welcome. If you try it, try it in a camp that does not end in a fight.

Is caffeine safe during a weight cut?

We could not locate any study of caffeine ingestion during an acute dehydration protocol in combat athletes, so this article will not answer that question. What is established is that the fluid-balance objection is unfounded at ergogenic doses, and that the acute cutting methods themselves — sauna, hot water immersion, wraps — are described in the literature only ever with a supervision requirement attached in the same sentence as the figure. That supervision requirement covers what you take during the process as much as the process itself, and the person answering it should be qualified.

How much caffeine is in a cup of coffee?

Enough variation that coffee is a poor delivery vehicle when the dose matters. Content depends on the bean, the roast, the grind, the brewing method, the water temperature and the volume served, and commonly quoted figures for a brewed cup span roughly 100–150 mg with a wide range around it. Pre-workout supplements and energy products vary between batches and are not always accurately labelled. If you are dosing to a milligrams-per-kilogram target, a measured source is the only way to know what you took.

Does caffeine help you focus in a fight?

The position stand states that caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals, and that it may improve both cognitive and physical performance under conditions of sleep deprivation. Both matter in a sport where a lapse in attention is punished immediately and where almost nobody sleeps well the night before. The qualification worth keeping is that improving performance under sleep deprivation is masking rather than repair — an under-slept, under-fuelled athlete will feel better on caffeine without being better in the respects that determine tissue recovery.

Does caffeine work for strength as well as endurance?

Both, with different confidence. The position stand lists muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping and throwing among the small-to-moderate benefits, alongside a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. It separately identifies aerobic endurance as the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits. For combat sports, which sit across both systems, that combination is unusually well matched to the demand — a fight is repeated maximal efforts inside a sustained one.

Are gum, gels and energy drinks as effective as capsules?

The position stand reports that alternative sources including caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise, and that energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance. The practical differences are absorption speed and dose certainty. Gum is faster than capsules; energy drinks and pre-workouts carry other ingredients, variable labelling and, in the anti-doping context, contamination risk that a single- ingredient product does not.

Sources

Sourced to

International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance — Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT et al., Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021;18:1. DOI 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4, PMID 33388079
International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance (publisher record) — Taylor & Francis, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021
Caffeine and diuresis during rest and exercise: A meta-analysis — Zhang Y, Coca A, Casa DJ, Antonio J, Green JM, Bishop PA, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2015. PMID 25154702
Caffeine and diuresis during rest and exercise: A meta-analysis (publisher record) — Elsevier, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2015
The 2026 Monitoring Program — World Anti-Doping Agency, published September 2025, in force 1 January 2026; Stimulants, in-competition only
The 2026 Prohibited List — International Standard — World Anti-Doping Agency, published September 2025, in force 1 January 2026
The Prohibited List — World Anti-Doping Agency, current List and Monitoring Program landing page
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrition and weight cut strategies for mixed martial arts and other combat sports — Ricci AA et al., Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2025;22(1):2467909. DOI 10.1080/15502783.2025.2467909, PMID 40059405
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks — Campbell B et al., Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2013;10:1. DOI 10.1186/1550-2783-10-1
Substance Profile: Caffeine — U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, athlete-facing summary of caffeine's anti-doping status
Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes — Connor J, Germaine M, Gibson C, Clarke P, Egan B, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2022;122(10):2243–2257. DOI 10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7, PMID 35833967

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